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formal ontology
In philosophy, the term formal ontology is used to refer to an ontology defined by axioms in a formal language with the goal to provide an unbiased (domain- and application-independent) view on reality, which can help the modeler of domain- or application-specific ontologies (information science) to avoid possibly erroneous ontological assumptions encountered in modeling large-scale ontologies.
By maintaining an independent view on reality a formal (upper level) ontology gains the following properties:
*indefinite expandability:
*:the ontology remains consistent with increasing content.
*content and context independence:
*:any kind of 'concept' can find its place.
*accommodate different levels of granularity.
Theories on how to conceptualize reality date back as far as Plato and Aristotle.
==Existing formal upper level ontologies (foundational ontologies)==
(詳細はBFO - Basic Formal Ontology
*CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model
*Cyc (Cyc is not just an upper ontology, it also contains many mid-level and specialized ontologies as well)
*UMBEL - Upper Mapping and Binding Exchange Layer, a subset of OpenCyc
*DOLCE - Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive Engineering
*GFO - General Formal Ontology
* UFO - Unified Foundational Ontology
*OCHRE - Object-Centered High-level REference ontology
*SUMO - Suggested Upper Merged Ontology
*Business Objects Reference Ontology
*YAMATO - Top ontology with objectives similar to those of DOLCE, BFO, or GFO
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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